Rigor Mortis and News obtained by the Body\u2019s Scientific Reconstruction of the Turin Shroud Man

After various tentative to artistically build a tridimensional form of the Turin Shroud (TS) Man, the authors faced the problem of the scientific construction of a 3D model of this Man with an accuracy of the order of 1 cm. It is well known that the TS wrapped a human body heavily tortured, but it is not easy to build a 3D model starting only from the 2D information shown on two body images visible on a linen sheet and on the hypothesis that these images really corresponds to a real man wrapped in it. The study showed that, while the two TS body images (frontal and dorsal) seem to appear not coherent with the image of a human body because distorted in many parts, these two images are perfectly coherent with the distortions provoked by a man wrapped in this linen sheet. This model confirmed the evident rigor mortis of the human body and evidenced the particular posture corresponding to the position on the cross that also showed a rotation never detected previously of the human body around his spine. The study of this 3D model partially confirmed previous results but also evidenced interesting news, like the position of the exit hole of the nail posed on the palm of the hand. The Gospels place the Resurrection in the early hours of Sunday, at least 36 hours after death. The effect of the preservation of rigidity up to this moment may be not consistent with the thanato-chronological alterations expected in a man in the same pre-mortal clinical condition, but this problem has been solved by the \u201cmixture of aloe and myrrh\u201d that allowed the preservation of the corpse, thus prolonging the rigor mortis for tens of hours. In fact, this body seems not to have undergone any significant putrefactive phenomenon

Geometric Modeling of Cellular Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Field: A Review

Advances in additive manufacturing technologies facilitate the fabrication of cellular materials that have tailored functional characteristics. The application of solid freeform fabrication techniques is especially exploited in designing scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this review, firstly, a classification of cellular materials from a geometric point of view is proposed; then, the main approaches on geometric modeling of cellular materials are discussed. Finally, an investigation on porous scaffolds fabricated by additive manufacturing technologies is pointed out. Perspectives in geometric modeling of scaffolds for tissue engineering are also proposed

optimization approaches in design for additive manufacturing

AbstractNowadays, topology optimization and lattice structures are being re-discovered thanks to Additive Manufacturing technologies, that allow to easily produce parts with complex geometries.The primary aim of this work is to provide an original contribution for geometric modeling of conformal lattice structures for both wireframe and mesh models, improving previously presented methods. The secondary aim is to compare the proposed approaches with commercial software solutions on a piston rod as a case study.The central part of the rod undergoes size optimization of conformal lattice structure beams diameters using the proposed methods, and topology optimization using commercial software tool. The optimized lattice is modeled with a NURBS approach and with the novel mesh approach, while the topologically optimized part is manually remodeled to obtain a proper geometry. Results show that the lattice mesh modelling approach has the best performance, resulting in a lightweight structure with smooth surfaces and without sharp edges at nodes, enhancing mechanical properties and fatigue life

Concept selection and interactive design of an orthodontic functional appliance

Demand for innovation represents a driver not only in the industrial field but also in niche markets such as orthodontics. Among different type of orthodontic devices, functional appliances are used for the correction of class II skeletal malocclusion, mostly in young patients. In a previous study based on a systematic design approach, several concepts were generated for this device. This work shortly introduces the concept selection and the interactive design process of the device. The concept consisting of two-side guiding surfaces, obtained by TRIZ inventive principles, has been selected by the decision matrix. This concept consists in guiding the jaw movements without any connections between the parts of the device. Operating on patient morphometrics parameters, the proposed approach allows to establish a virtual interaction during the design of the device by facilitating the collaboration between orthodontist, dental technician, designer and the software, through a dedicated user interface. Dedicated algorithms were also developed to simulate the occlusion correction and the mandible path, and to support the geometric modelling in a virtual environment. As a result, the proposed approach allows manufacturing patient-customized devices using a digital interactive workflow in an innovative way

Computer Aided Tolerance Analysis of Mechanical Parts Based on Variational Geometry Techniques

In spite of the impressive growth in functionality of modern CAD systems, the integration of tolerance information into solid models and the assessment of the effects of size and geometric tolerances on functional dimensions and parameters of parts and assemblies is still lacking in most systems. In the engineering design practice, tolerance analysis and synthesis computations, if any, are usually performed with very little support by computer tools and therefore hardly optimized, even though quality requirements and cost consideration might suggest a careful selection of the prescribed tolerances. The implementation of a tolerance analysis solver for 2D models based on variational geometry that was able to manage size and geometric tolerances, except for form tolerances, together with uncertainties on design parameters, was detailed in a previous work (Concheri, 1995). Aim of the present paper is to discuss the extension of such technique to the analysis of 3D mechanical parts built up of basic features (i.e. described in terms of prismatic, cylindrical, spherical and conical surfaces). Variational geometry techniques have been adopted in many commercial CAD systems in order to allow for dimensional variability of part geometry, but 3D parts are usually modelled following an hybrid approach; hence, contrary to 2D, in 3D a tolerance specific variational model must be extracted from the part definition. Such aspects and the other problems that derive from the extension of variational geometry to the 3D domain will be addressed. Finally, a 3D tolerance analysis based on the variational geometry paradigm will be presented

Considerazioni su Modelli di Dati per la Formalizzazione della Conoscenza in Applicazioni Ingegneristiche

Lo sviluppo di strumenti di supporto alla progettazione basati sulla conoscenza richiede come primo passo l'identificazione di un modello in grado di rappresentare la molteplicit\ue0 di dati e relazioni necessari. In questo lavoro vengono brevemente discusse le problematiche relative alla formalizzazione e alla gestione mediante strumenti informatici dei dati e dei metodi per la progettazione industriale e vengono presentate le caratteristiche dei modelli di dati Entity-Relationship, IDEF1X, NIAM e EXPRESS. Questo lavoro \ue8 stato realizzato nell'ambito del Progetto: "Metodi per la progettazione industriale basati sulla conoscenza" finanziato dal Ministero dell'Universit\ue0 e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica